Editing Emerging technologies, emerging markets – fostering the innovation potential of research infrastructures

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It can be used, for example, to measure how much a given surface is either a sink or a source for a greenhouse gas such as CO2 or any other species that can be sampled with a sufficiently fast time response. The technique is based on fast (10 Hz or more) measurements of both three dimensional wind velocity (atmospheric turbulence, usually done through an ultrasonic anemometer) and atmospheric concentration of the chemical species of interests (generally CO2, CH4 and N2O in addition to energy). These two measurements can be related together following a specific mathematical approach to yield a flux with a high temporal resolution and integrated at ecosystem scale (1 km2).  
 
It can be used, for example, to measure how much a given surface is either a sink or a source for a greenhouse gas such as CO2 or any other species that can be sampled with a sufficiently fast time response. The technique is based on fast (10 Hz or more) measurements of both three dimensional wind velocity (atmospheric turbulence, usually done through an ultrasonic anemometer) and atmospheric concentration of the chemical species of interests (generally CO2, CH4 and N2O in addition to energy). These two measurements can be related together following a specific mathematical approach to yield a flux with a high temporal resolution and integrated at ecosystem scale (1 km2).  
  
<div class="tablecaption" id="table40">TABLE 40 STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF EDDY COVARIANCE TECHNIQUE</div>
+
TABLE 40 STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF EDDY COVARIANCE TECHNIQUE  
{| class="wikitable"
 
! scope="row" | Strengths
 
! scope="row" | Limitations
 
|-
 
! scope="row" | Can measure how much a biospheric component (forest, grassland, …) is either a source or sink for greenhouse gas (CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O, H<sub>2</sub>O) or other species, or energy
 
| Requires specific conditions to work properly (horizontal homogeneity, absence of strong orography, specific atmospheric conditions)
 
|-
 
! scope="row" | Can measure net primary productivity (NPP), and infer gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER)
 
| Requires fast response sensors and high flow sampling lines
 
|-
 
! scope="row" | It is not disturbing the ecosystem and integrates measurements over large areas, allowing a good link with satellite measurements
 
| It is complex to apply and relatively expensive
 
|}
 
Companies producing
 
  
<div class="tablecaption" id="table41">TABLE 41 PRODUCERS OF DEVICES BASED ON EDDY COVARIANCE TECHNIQUE</div>
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TABLE 41 PRODUCERS OF DEVICES BASED ON EDDY COVARIANCE TECHNIQUE
{| class="wikitable"
 
! scope="row" | Producer name
 
! scope="row" | Website
 
|-
 
! scope="row" | LI-COR (gas analysers, full eddycovariance systems through link to other companies)
 
| https://www.licor.com/env/
 
|-
 
! scope="row" | Campbell (ultrasonic anemometers,IRGAs)
 
| https://www.campbellsci.com/
 
|-
 
! scope="row" | Metek (ultrasonic anemometers)
 
| http://metek.de/
 
|-
 
! scope="row" | Gill (ultrasonic anemometers)
 
| http://gillinstruments.com/
 
|-
 
! scope="row" | PICARRO (gas analysers)
 
| https://www.picarro.com/
 
|-
 
! scope="row" | Los Gatos Research
 
| http://www.lgrinc.com/
 
|}
 
  
 
===3.2.2 Spectral imaging===
 
===3.2.2 Spectral imaging===

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