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| submission-date = 2018-10-09
 
| submission-date = 2018-10-09
 
| type = Report
 
| type = Report
| url = https://mediawiki.envri.eu/images/0/05/D1.1._Roadmap_for_the_emergence_of_European_industry_providers_and_market_landscape_analysis.pdf
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| pdf =
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| url = http://www.envriplus.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/D1.1-Emerging-technologies-emerging-markets-fostering-the-innovation-potential-of-research-infrastructures.pdf
 
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The aim of WP1-task 1.1, is to identify and analyse emerging environmental observations technologies (sensors and platforms) that could be useful to, and benefit from, Research infrastructures (RIs) to realize and achieve their market potential. The task also aims to explore technical challenges, market barriers and ongoing initiatives related to these technologies. The deliverable D1.1 is tailored to be a source of inspiration for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), while investigating new business opportunities, as well as for the EU bodies, pointing them the specific areas requiring additional attention and financing.
 
The aim of WP1-task 1.1, is to identify and analyse emerging environmental observations technologies (sensors and platforms) that could be useful to, and benefit from, Research infrastructures (RIs) to realize and achieve their market potential. The task also aims to explore technical challenges, market barriers and ongoing initiatives related to these technologies. The deliverable D1.1 is tailored to be a source of inspiration for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), while investigating new business opportunities, as well as for the EU bodies, pointing them the specific areas requiring additional attention and financing.
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This technique is employed to measure exchanges between the surface (i.e.: ecosystem, including vegetation and soil) and the atmosphere.
 
This technique is employed to measure exchanges between the surface (i.e.: ecosystem, including vegetation and soil) and the atmosphere.
  
<div class="figure" id="figure2">[[File:ENVRIplus D1.1-Fig. 2-Eddy covariance technique on-site.png|center|frame|Figure 2: Eddy co-variance technique on-site]]</div>
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FIGURE 2 EDDY-COVARIANCE TECHNIQUE ON-SITE
  
 
It can be used, for example, to measure how much a given surface is either a sink or a source for a greenhouse gas such as CO2 or any other species that can be sampled with a sufficiently fast time response. The technique is based on fast (10 Hz or more) measurements of both three dimensional wind velocity (atmospheric turbulence, usually done through an ultrasonic anemometer) and atmospheric concentration of the chemical species of interests (generally CO2, CH4 and N2O in addition to energy). These two measurements can be related together following a specific mathematical approach to yield a flux with a high temporal resolution and integrated at ecosystem scale (1 km2).  
 
It can be used, for example, to measure how much a given surface is either a sink or a source for a greenhouse gas such as CO2 or any other species that can be sampled with a sufficiently fast time response. The technique is based on fast (10 Hz or more) measurements of both three dimensional wind velocity (atmospheric turbulence, usually done through an ultrasonic anemometer) and atmospheric concentration of the chemical species of interests (generally CO2, CH4 and N2O in addition to energy). These two measurements can be related together following a specific mathematical approach to yield a flux with a high temporal resolution and integrated at ecosystem scale (1 km2).  
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Optical sensors operate based on the principle of fluorescence quenching (Tengberg et al. 2006). Nowadays, the Aanderaa optodes 3835 & 4330 are the most used sensors implemented in ARGO floats, gliders and on moorings. Oxygen optodes are based on the oxygen luminescence quenching of a platinum porphyrin complex (fluorescent indicator) that is immobilized in a sensing foil. Optodes show a nonlinear decrease in luminescence decay time with increasing oxygen concentration. The signal can be linearized by means of the Stern–Volmer equation: [O2] = (τ0/τ – 1)/Ksv, where [O2] is oxygen concentration in μmol/L, τ is luminescence decay time, τ0 is the decay time in the absence of [O2], and Ksv is the Stern– Volmer constant (Demas et al. 1999). The advantages of the optical sensors are their excellent long-term stability and high precision. They also appear to be accurate provided they have sufficient time to come into equilibrium with the surrounding temperature and oxygen concentration and provided that their temperature response has been carefully calibrated (possibly by individual sensor factory-calibration plus in-situ calibration check/correction based on concomitant Winkler profile).
 
Optical sensors operate based on the principle of fluorescence quenching (Tengberg et al. 2006). Nowadays, the Aanderaa optodes 3835 & 4330 are the most used sensors implemented in ARGO floats, gliders and on moorings. Oxygen optodes are based on the oxygen luminescence quenching of a platinum porphyrin complex (fluorescent indicator) that is immobilized in a sensing foil. Optodes show a nonlinear decrease in luminescence decay time with increasing oxygen concentration. The signal can be linearized by means of the Stern–Volmer equation: [O2] = (τ0/τ – 1)/Ksv, where [O2] is oxygen concentration in μmol/L, τ is luminescence decay time, τ0 is the decay time in the absence of [O2], and Ksv is the Stern– Volmer constant (Demas et al. 1999). The advantages of the optical sensors are their excellent long-term stability and high precision. They also appear to be accurate provided they have sufficient time to come into equilibrium with the surrounding temperature and oxygen concentration and provided that their temperature response has been carefully calibrated (possibly by individual sensor factory-calibration plus in-situ calibration check/correction based on concomitant Winkler profile).
  
=====4.2.3.2.1 The Aanderaa optode sensors 3830-3835=====
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=====4.2.3.2.1 TheAanderaaoptodesensors3830-3835=====
  
 
This sensors have a measuring range of 0-500 μM, a resolution of 1 μM and an accuracy of 5 μM as well as an operating depth of up to 6000 m. Due to their small size and power requirements, the first generation of optode sensors (3830/3835) have been also tested on profiling floats (Kortzinger et al. 2005). The first results obtained in 2004 demonstrated that high quality long-term oxygen measurements from ARGO floats are feasible.
 
This sensors have a measuring range of 0-500 μM, a resolution of 1 μM and an accuracy of 5 μM as well as an operating depth of up to 6000 m. Due to their small size and power requirements, the first generation of optode sensors (3830/3835) have been also tested on profiling floats (Kortzinger et al. 2005). The first results obtained in 2004 demonstrated that high quality long-term oxygen measurements from ARGO floats are feasible.
  
<div class="figure" id="figure3">[[File:ENVRIplus D1.1-Fig. 3-The Aanderaa optode sensor on a provor float.png|center|frame|Figure 3: The Aanderaa optode sensor on a provor float]]</div>
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FIGURE 3 THE AANDERAA OPTODE SENSOR ON A PROVOR FLOAT
  
 
=====4.2.3.2.2 The SBE 63 sensor=====
 
=====4.2.3.2.2 The SBE 63 sensor=====
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Several companies sell in situ fluorometer systems that come with biofouling protection. There are also FRRF systems that can be fitted to observatories and autonomous systems. In the past five years there have been many long term deployments of fluorimeter systems that have provided useful and sensible data despite potential biofouling or other calibration issues. Like for the most other sensors, pre- and post- deployment in situ calibration measurements is the best way to correct the drift. Moreover, if the intent is to convert the fluorescence values to chlorophyll-A or other specific values, it is advised to collect size fractionated algal pigment samples for calibration purposes. Wet Labs ECO Triplet, or TriOS microFlu, nanoFlu, matrixFlu VIS; TurnerDesigns Cyclops and Chelsea AquaTracka III are examples of widely used systems.  
 
Several companies sell in situ fluorometer systems that come with biofouling protection. There are also FRRF systems that can be fitted to observatories and autonomous systems. In the past five years there have been many long term deployments of fluorimeter systems that have provided useful and sensible data despite potential biofouling or other calibration issues. Like for the most other sensors, pre- and post- deployment in situ calibration measurements is the best way to correct the drift. Moreover, if the intent is to convert the fluorescence values to chlorophyll-A or other specific values, it is advised to collect size fractionated algal pigment samples for calibration purposes. Wet Labs ECO Triplet, or TriOS microFlu, nanoFlu, matrixFlu VIS; TurnerDesigns Cyclops and Chelsea AquaTracka III are examples of widely used systems.  
  
<div class="figure" id="figure4">[[File:ENVRIplus D1.1-Fig. 4-TRIOS fluorometers equipped with Ifremer antifouling devices.png|center|frame|TRIOS fluorometers equipped with Ifremer antifouling devices]]</div>
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FIGURE 4 TRIOS FLUOROMETERS EQUIPPED WITH IFREMER ANTIFOULING DEVICES
  
 
<div class="tablecaption" id="table53">TABLE 53 CORE SPECIFICATIONS FOR MEASURING FLUORESCENCE</div>
 
<div class="tablecaption" id="table53">TABLE 53 CORE SPECIFICATIONS FOR MEASURING FLUORESCENCE</div>
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Oceans environmental monitoring and seafloor exploitation needs in situ sensors and optical devices (cameras, lights) in various locations and on various carriers in order to initiate and to calibrate environmental models or to perform the supervision of underwater industrial processes. To be economically operational, these systems must be equipped with a biofouling protection of sensors and optical devices used in situ. Indeed, biofouling can modify the transducing interfaces of the sensors and cause unacceptable bias on the measurements performed by the in situ monitoring system in less than 15 days. In the same way biofouling can decrease the optical properties of windows and thus alter the lighting and the quality of the images recorded by the cameras.
 
Oceans environmental monitoring and seafloor exploitation needs in situ sensors and optical devices (cameras, lights) in various locations and on various carriers in order to initiate and to calibrate environmental models or to perform the supervision of underwater industrial processes. To be economically operational, these systems must be equipped with a biofouling protection of sensors and optical devices used in situ. Indeed, biofouling can modify the transducing interfaces of the sensors and cause unacceptable bias on the measurements performed by the in situ monitoring system in less than 15 days. In the same way biofouling can decrease the optical properties of windows and thus alter the lighting and the quality of the images recorded by the cameras.
  
<div class="figure" id="figure5">[[File:ENVRIplus D1.1-Fig. 5-Fouling on the sensors is the main constrains for in situ ocean autonomous measurements.png|center|frame|Figure 5: Fouling on the sensors is the main constraint for in situ ocean autonomous measurements]]</div>
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FIGURE 5 FOULING ON THE SENSORS IS THE MAIN CONSTRAINT FOR IN SITU OCEAN AUTONOMOUS MEASUREMENTS
  
 
It is acknowledged that a coastal monitoring system must be able to run without maintenance for 3 months in order for the system to be economically acceptable. For deep-sea observatories, actual maintenance interval for the Canadian Venus system is 6 months. ESONET, the European network of excellence for deep-sea observatories defines maintenance interval recommendation from 12 up to 36 months.
 
It is acknowledged that a coastal monitoring system must be able to run without maintenance for 3 months in order for the system to be economically acceptable. For deep-sea observatories, actual maintenance interval for the Canadian Venus system is 6 months. ESONET, the European network of excellence for deep-sea observatories defines maintenance interval recommendation from 12 up to 36 months.
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Platform innovation is one of the drivers of increasing capabilities of marine systems. It is a structuring point for the constitution of several RIs (EUROARGO - profiling floats, GROOM - gliders, EMSO - sea floor + water column fixed point observatories, EuroFLEETS - oceanographic vessels). Each RI needs to mobilize the providers to cope with its own specifications and at the same time to benefit from inter RI cooperation. In this respect, manufacturers of sensors have to adapt to niche markets with high commercial/manufacturing cost ratio. That is why there is a market tendency for the instruments to include several sensors (multiprobe instruments since the 90s, EMSO Generic Instrumentation Module in 2017 EGIM).
 
Platform innovation is one of the drivers of increasing capabilities of marine systems. It is a structuring point for the constitution of several RIs (EUROARGO - profiling floats, GROOM - gliders, EMSO - sea floor + water column fixed point observatories, EuroFLEETS - oceanographic vessels). Each RI needs to mobilize the providers to cope with its own specifications and at the same time to benefit from inter RI cooperation. In this respect, manufacturers of sensors have to adapt to niche markets with high commercial/manufacturing cost ratio. That is why there is a market tendency for the instruments to include several sensors (multiprobe instruments since the 90s, EMSO Generic Instrumentation Module in 2017 EGIM).
  
<div class="figure" id="figure6">[[File:ENVRIplus D1.1-Fig. 6-Multiparameter system for sea measurements.png|center|frame|Multiparameter system for sea measurements]]</div>
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FIGURE 6 MULTIPARAMETER SYSTEM FOR SEA MEASUREMENTS
  
 
AUVs and Gliders (marine drones) use the aircraft concept of “pay load” to offer an interface to any sensor of the client. Research Infrastructures need a careful metrology approach (WP2 ENVRIPLUS) and an easy plug and play sensor interface policy (see WP1 Task 4 in ENVRIPLUS) to deal with this industrial structuration.
 
AUVs and Gliders (marine drones) use the aircraft concept of “pay load” to offer an interface to any sensor of the client. Research Infrastructures need a careful metrology approach (WP2 ENVRIPLUS) and an easy plug and play sensor interface policy (see WP1 Task 4 in ENVRIPLUS) to deal with this industrial structuration.
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Underwater Unmanned Autonomous Vehicles (gliders and other UAVs) are commonly used by oceanographers for research and monitoring of the physical and biogeochemical characteristics of the first 1000m of the ocean. The recently created GOOS program called “OceanGliders” (current web domain is http://www.ego-network.org) is gathering the major part of the worldwide gliders fleet and focuses its activity on the sustainable measurements of five Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs): temperature, salinity, chlorophyll a, oxygen and Coloured Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM). Unless only these parameters are part of the network, many other sensors have been developed, integrated, tested and operationally deployed on AUVs such as passive acoustics, ADCP (current sensor), turbulence, hydrocarbonic sensor, nutrients, pH etc. Currently these sensors are not integrated in the network mainly for harmonized data management reasons but also because the technology is sporadically used by the community. The increasing capacities of gliders (depth, endurance and payload) and the relatively low cost of the technology, make it a very interesting tool for marine and maritime industries. Ocean gliders naturally complement existing elements of the GOOS with their utility on the continental slopes, ability to complete repeat surveys and resolve mesoscale oceanographic features such as fronts.
 
Underwater Unmanned Autonomous Vehicles (gliders and other UAVs) are commonly used by oceanographers for research and monitoring of the physical and biogeochemical characteristics of the first 1000m of the ocean. The recently created GOOS program called “OceanGliders” (current web domain is http://www.ego-network.org) is gathering the major part of the worldwide gliders fleet and focuses its activity on the sustainable measurements of five Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs): temperature, salinity, chlorophyll a, oxygen and Coloured Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM). Unless only these parameters are part of the network, many other sensors have been developed, integrated, tested and operationally deployed on AUVs such as passive acoustics, ADCP (current sensor), turbulence, hydrocarbonic sensor, nutrients, pH etc. Currently these sensors are not integrated in the network mainly for harmonized data management reasons but also because the technology is sporadically used by the community. The increasing capacities of gliders (depth, endurance and payload) and the relatively low cost of the technology, make it a very interesting tool for marine and maritime industries. Ocean gliders naturally complement existing elements of the GOOS with their utility on the continental slopes, ability to complete repeat surveys and resolve mesoscale oceanographic features such as fronts.
  
<div class="figure" id="figure7"><gallery>
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FIGURE 7 DRONES FOR UNDERWATER MEASUREMENTS: (A) SEA EXPLORER, (B) SEAGLIDER
File:ENVRIplus D1.1-Fig. 7A-Drones for underwater measurements, (A) Sea explorer, (B) Seaglider.png|(A) Sea explorer
 
File:ENVRIplus D1.1-Fig. 7B-Drones for underwater measurements, (A) Sea explorer, (B) Seaglider.png|(B) Seaglider]]
 
</gallery>
 
 
 
Figure 7: Drones for underwater measurements</div>
 
  
 
The European Glider Network is composed of about 100 platforms that are deployed in the Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea and Baltic Sea. It is important to precise that some of the European gliders are also deployed in non-European region for specific research purposes. The European Glider Network will certainly keep growing as many “new” laboratories are currently purchasing platforms (Ireland and Sweden for example).
 
The European Glider Network is composed of about 100 platforms that are deployed in the Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea and Baltic Sea. It is important to precise that some of the European gliders are also deployed in non-European region for specific research purposes. The European Glider Network will certainly keep growing as many “new” laboratories are currently purchasing platforms (Ireland and Sweden for example).
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As known from the ENVRIplus community, technologies for the energy supply are represented by solar cells (63%), wind and hydroturbines (4% each) and other solutions (29%). Thus, solar panels is by far the most used technology, used to provide energy for isolated sites. Figure 8 shows the diagram of usage of various power supply solutions for isolated scientific stations within ENVRIplus network.  
 
As known from the ENVRIplus community, technologies for the energy supply are represented by solar cells (63%), wind and hydroturbines (4% each) and other solutions (29%). Thus, solar panels is by far the most used technology, used to provide energy for isolated sites. Figure 8 shows the diagram of usage of various power supply solutions for isolated scientific stations within ENVRIplus network.  
  
<div class="figure" id="figure8">[[File:ENVRIplus D1.1-Fig. 8-Power supply systems. ENVRIplus WP 3.1 'Energy report', 2017.png|center|frame|Figure 8: Power supply systems. ENVRIplus WP 3.1 "Energy report" (2017)]]</div>
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FIGURE 8 POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS. ENVRIPLUS WP 3.1 "ENERGY REPORT", 2017
  
 
===7.2.1 Solar panels===
 
===7.2.1 Solar panels===
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Lead acid batteries, VRLA (Valve Regulated Lead Acid), with gel or AGM are, by far, the most used ones through the ENVRI RI community. They are especially widely used for terrestrial measurements. Figure 9 shows the distribution (%) among battery technologies used for the measurements at 27 scientific stations within ENVRI network. As can be seen, 69% are taken by the lead batteries and 23% by lithium batteries, while alkaline and other technologies represent 4% each.  
 
Lead acid batteries, VRLA (Valve Regulated Lead Acid), with gel or AGM are, by far, the most used ones through the ENVRI RI community. They are especially widely used for terrestrial measurements. Figure 9 shows the distribution (%) among battery technologies used for the measurements at 27 scientific stations within ENVRI network. As can be seen, 69% are taken by the lead batteries and 23% by lithium batteries, while alkaline and other technologies represent 4% each.  
  
<div class="figure" id="figure9">[[File:ENVRIplus D1.1-Fig. 9-Power storage systems. ENVRIplus WP 3.1 'Energy report', 2017.png|center|frame|Figure 9: Power storage systems. ENVRIplus WP 3.1 "Energy report" (2017)]]</div>
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FIGURE 9 POWER STORAGE SYSTEMS. ENVRI+ WP3.1 "ENERGY REPORT", 2017
  
 
The biggest challenges of the batteries are that they need to face and run under very low temperatures, down to -20°C, and sometimes down to -40° to 50°C and be as light as possible. The weight of batteries is especially important when one considers their installation on drones. Light weight of the batteries allows larger amount of scientific equipment to be installed and, thus, is more desirable. Lithium batteries are currently the ones with the highest energy-to-weight ratio. That is why they are widely used for the environmental measurements within oceanic domain, and for the installation on drones. In the table 60 we summarize the companies providing technologies for the power supply and specify the type/ model of technology.  
 
The biggest challenges of the batteries are that they need to face and run under very low temperatures, down to -20°C, and sometimes down to -40° to 50°C and be as light as possible. The weight of batteries is especially important when one considers their installation on drones. Light weight of the batteries allows larger amount of scientific equipment to be installed and, thus, is more desirable. Lithium batteries are currently the ones with the highest energy-to-weight ratio. That is why they are widely used for the environmental measurements within oceanic domain, and for the installation on drones. In the table 60 we summarize the companies providing technologies for the power supply and specify the type/ model of technology.  
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The core of the scientific business dedicated to environmental measurements and climate change observations can be seen in interactions of producing companies with the consumers of their products. Such interactions are developed, facilitated, and actively promoted. However, these interactions are not always beneficial or successful due to the different views and capabilities of producers and consumers communities. Thus, producers do not always have the possibility to understand the needs of consumers due to the lack of communication or inability to dedicate the funds for the market research. This results in the production of low-functional, expensive devices and, consequently, decrease of companies revenues and incomes. At the same time, the end-users do not have the chance to explain the producers their needs and cannot afford purchasing expensive devices directly from them. Research infrastructures are the bodies that act as intermediates between producers of the technologies, their end-users and third parties, such as grant holders, providing benefits for all market players as shown below at figure 10.
 
The core of the scientific business dedicated to environmental measurements and climate change observations can be seen in interactions of producing companies with the consumers of their products. Such interactions are developed, facilitated, and actively promoted. However, these interactions are not always beneficial or successful due to the different views and capabilities of producers and consumers communities. Thus, producers do not always have the possibility to understand the needs of consumers due to the lack of communication or inability to dedicate the funds for the market research. This results in the production of low-functional, expensive devices and, consequently, decrease of companies revenues and incomes. At the same time, the end-users do not have the chance to explain the producers their needs and cannot afford purchasing expensive devices directly from them. Research infrastructures are the bodies that act as intermediates between producers of the technologies, their end-users and third parties, such as grant holders, providing benefits for all market players as shown below at figure 10.
  
<div class="figure" id="figure10">[[File:ENVRIplus D1.1-Fig. 10-Interactions of RIs with other participants in the market.png|center|frame|Interactions of RIs with other participants in the market]]</div>
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FIGURE 10 INTERACTIONS OF RIS WITH OTHER PARTICIPANTS IN THE MARKET.
  
 
The arrows between the RI body and the companies represent:
 
The arrows between the RI body and the companies represent:
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On the way of development, technologies pass several stages. These stages are represented by the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) ranging from 1 to 9, where 1 refers to the least developed technology and 9 to the most developed one. Usually it is assumed, that technologies with the TRL from 1 to 5 are immature technologies, developed and worked on by individual scientists. Contrary, technologies with the TRL from 8 to 9 are mature technologies, ready to become commercial products. As can be noticed, technologies with the TRL 6-7 are in the intermediate state. In this stage they cannot be further developed with the capacities of scientists, as such development would require significant allocation of funds. At this intermediate stage, they are also unlikely to attract funds from the commercial sector, as the companies are not ready to invest in the technologies that will not bring the profit in the short-term perspective. TRL scale is illustrated in figure 11.
 
On the way of development, technologies pass several stages. These stages are represented by the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) ranging from 1 to 9, where 1 refers to the least developed technology and 9 to the most developed one. Usually it is assumed, that technologies with the TRL from 1 to 5 are immature technologies, developed and worked on by individual scientists. Contrary, technologies with the TRL from 8 to 9 are mature technologies, ready to become commercial products. As can be noticed, technologies with the TRL 6-7 are in the intermediate state. In this stage they cannot be further developed with the capacities of scientists, as such development would require significant allocation of funds. At this intermediate stage, they are also unlikely to attract funds from the commercial sector, as the companies are not ready to invest in the technologies that will not bring the profit in the short-term perspective. TRL scale is illustrated in figure 11.
  
<div class="figure" id="figure11">[[File:ENVRIplus D1.1-Fig. 11-Technology readiness level Axis (1-9) and stages of the technological product.png|center|frame|Technology readiness level Axis (1-9) and stages of the technological product]]</div>
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FIGURE 11 TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL AXIS (1-9) AND STAGED OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL PRODUCT.
  
 
RIs thus refer to the emerging technologies with the TRL from 6 to 7, to ensure that they will overpass the financial barrier and become the commercially successful technologies with the great potential of further development and improvement. Also RIs will target improvement of technologies, such as their miniaturization and bettering of precision, as these parameters can also be referred as innovation.
 
RIs thus refer to the emerging technologies with the TRL from 6 to 7, to ensure that they will overpass the financial barrier and become the commercially successful technologies with the great potential of further development and improvement. Also RIs will target improvement of technologies, such as their miniaturization and bettering of precision, as these parameters can also be referred as innovation.
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| project = ENVRIplus
 
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<!-- Relevant domains -->
[[Category:All domains]]
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[[Category:Innovation]]
 
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